Investigate how Jocelyn Bell Burnell discovered pulsars in 1967. Write a short account of this event. (5 lines)
An exact extract that well and clearly answers this question perfectly. (i think)
http://starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/StarChild/whos_who_level2/bell.html
Bell’s first two years at Cambridge were spent assisting in the construction of an 81.5-megahertz radio telescope that was to be used to track quasars. The telescope went into operation in 1967. It was Jocelyn Bell’s job to operate the telescope and to analyze over 120 meters of chart paper produced by the telescope every four days. After several weeks of analysis, Bell noticed some unusual markings on the chart paper. These markings were made by a radio source too fast and regular to be a quasar. Although the source’s signal took up only about 2.5 centimeters of the 121.8 meters of chart paper, Jocelyn Bell recognized its importance. She had detected the first evidence of a pulsar.
In February of 1968, news of the discovery made by Jocelyn Bell was published in the journal Nature. Further studies by groups of astronomers around the world identified the signals as coming from rapidly rotating neutron stars. These objects, first noticed by Jocelyn Bell, became known as pulsars. The term pulsar is an abbreviation for pulsating radio star or rapidly pulsating radio sources.
The Rabbits Exposition
The book The Rabbits written by John Marsden and illustrated by Shaun Tan is an informational picture book. The illustrator purposely puts symbols in every page explaining in much more detail to what the page or picture means. Tan also makes you the viewer spot the main picture by placing the main image in the middle of the page. John Marsden writes little but has effect with the way he uses he’s words. The Rabbits is about the invasion of the rabbits onto the shores of the brown possums. The rabbits soon dominate and spread across the lands of the brown possums. The brown possums soon felt like strangers to their own home and later began flee from their homes. The brown possums felt a loss of culture when the rabbits started to introduce new plans to build over sacred grounds, took away their spiritual beings by destroying their villages and chopped down their trees and scared away their friends. The message that this book emphasizes is the fact that the rabbits had invaded the brown possums land and culture. They fought with them but for what reason? That is the question that the brown possums ask themselves. Some themes that are included are the Stolen Generation when the rabbits take away the brown possum children , the fact that the brown possums feel a loss of culture and also the effect of the invasion on the shores. The reason why the Author and Illustrator chose rabbits was because rabbits eat a lot and they are pests. They breed fast and are always a mess. This resembles the white people invading the land of the aboriginals.
The rabbits have taken the children away from the brown possum parents. This can be seen on the DPS11 which uses symbolism to show the children being taken away and the peacock tailed pen that the rabbit used to write with, there are drops of blood dripping from the end, maybe blood of a brown possum child. The white cart that the children are being floated away in, in the sky represents the transport that the children may have been taken away in. Just another way of expressing it. The visual techniques that help emphasize the theme are salience, when I first opened up the page I saw the big rabbit on the left with a peacock feathered point pen with dripping blood and a paper with a signature and a fingerprint. There is a strong contrast in colors as there is a black to a white and blue background. There are strong vectors in this page as I start off with the big rabbit then move down the line of rabbits and then look up at the children being taken away.
The rabbits show negative effects on the loss of culture shown in DPS5 because the rabbits show plans to the viewer of what they wish to do to the land that they now own. The brown possums feel that they have a loss of culture because the rabbits have now been introducing new things and new animals into the country and have been building over sacred grounds. There is a little rat eating a native animal and then another native animal being run over by the rabbits’ carriage. There is salience in the picture as we look straight at the painting because it is the biggest image there, and then we look to the background which we don’t have a connection with. In the background I can see the rabbits’ ship being hulled to the left of the page and also rabbits marking out lines and shapes across the land. There are also rabbits building behind and in the image it shows what they want to be building. Then as you move up the page you can see the brown possums up in the tree off the ground talking amongst themselves. It is like they don’t have a connection with their land anymore. There is a strong modality in colors as they are very bright and show dominance and power. The background has a strong bright blue with white buildings and a white footpath with black text. This is why the rabbits have a negative effect on the loss of culture.
The effect of the invasion of the rabbits shown in DPS4 looks like the rabbits had a very strong and over powering invasion. The rabbits are all dressed in royal armor and have gold and yellow on their uniforms. There is one big central image and that is the exaggerated size of the ship in the middle of the page showing how dominant the British were and showing how much power the rabbits had in whatever they did. The ship also resembles power and wealth and royalty because it has the golden yellow color. Other smaller symbols which are the rabbits have telescopes in their hands and are already marking out the land that they think is theirs. The rabbits resemble the British when invading the unknown land. There is a strong contrast of colors, especially on the ship. As the colors contrast between a strong bright gold and a dark yellow. These colors represent wealth, royalty and power. The reading path has some significance because it takes my eyes straight to the big ship to which the rabbits travelled on and the artist purposely exaggerates the size of the ship representing the rabbits being very strong in power and very dominant. The effect of the invasion of the rabbits gave negative effects to the brown possums as soon as the rabbits arrived because soon after the brown possums started to crash and fall. The brown possums began to have a loss of culture, and also lost their spiritual and physical attributes.
The book The Rabbits is an informational picture book that should be read for all. It is obvious what the message was and that was, why did the rabbits take over the brown possums land? Why did the rabbits try and make the brown possums adapt to the rabbits lifestyle of living when the brown possums already had their own way of living? What did the brown possums ever do to the rabbits? This book shows you in great illustrated detail of what the British did to the Aboriginals. The Rabbits actually resemble the British and the reason why John and Shaun chose Rabbits was because the rabbits are pests, they are always messing up the place, they eat anything and everything, and they don’t care about anything else but their safe beings. We can all learn from this book as to what happened and we as a whole have something to do with most of the events that took place in the book.
By Joshjua Tangitau
9.1 Social Studies
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